-In the beginning of 1950's, the country faced a problem. Something like Iran is facing now.
-That is, we could be bombed at any moment, without any consequences. We had no means to deliver to the opposite continent.
-They said, that it can be a rocket. Sergei Pavlovich Korolyov, Mikhail Pavlovich Tikhonravov, created R-7 rocket.
-And then, it turned out, that every launch of R-7 costs half of billion rubles.
-And Khrushchev said: 'Sergei Pavlovich, we're not gonna make it.'
-It seemed like, we caught this bird by the tale, so to speak, right? But if we prepare at least 100 launches, then we won't have bread, we won't have houses.
-Sergei Pavlovich answered him: 'Nikita Sergeievich, C'est La Vie, so to speak. Pay up.'
-Well, because Khrushchev was a curious person, and knew a lot of things that were being done in places, he invited Yangel,
-Who at that moment was basically 3rd grade designer in the city of Dniepropetrovsk.
-Well, he already had the order to make R-16, but, so to speak, it was advancing 2 steps forward, 1 step backwards.
-Pavel Kuzmich said: 'I'll do it. He does it on oxygen, he has complicated equipment, all this is expensive.'
-'I'm gonna make it based on liquid propulsion, on acid, inertial system. Don't doubt.'
-But how could he not doubt? That was Korolyov, who launched a sattelite. And here was some Yangel, from Dniepropetrovsk.
-Nikita Sergeievich talked to Sergei Pavlovich again. And he said: 'Nah. 2.500km (1.500mi), 4.000km (2.500mi), he might manages to make this little rocket. But this is impossible.'
-But this is an issue of national security. Then Nikita Sergeievich invited Valentin Petrovich Glushko.
-Glushko told him: 'I'll make an engine. I make engines. I have no doubts whatsoever. Sergei Pavlovich is making too much fuss over this.'
-So they started to transfer resources to Mikhail Kuzmich. And Sergei Pavlovich came running, and said:
-'Nikita Sergeievich, let us act as the following: 'We will transfer this order to me, and I will be making this rocket on dinitrogen tetroxide.'
-Khrushchev said: 'Um, how come? This is indecent, improper. First you say, that this is impossible, and now you're saying give it to us.'
-'No, let there be a competitor.' So, the first competitor appeared. And it allowed to choose.
-Then, in 1960, Chelomey appeared. He was very disliked, he was pressured. Because he appeared from a different aviation ministry, and he brought his own things.
-These were waffle like constructions, that changed construction of rockets, these were ampoules. And many other things.
-And then, these 3 designers, a little later Nageradze was added to them, that exact design bureau we know today,
-And all of them were horribly clashing with each other. They were fighting, so to speak, they were competing. Everyone was pulling blanket over himself.
-Honestly or not so much. But, this allowed to the government, by making relatively low investments, to look from above and choose.
-Because not Khrushchev, nor Putin, nor Medvedev, nor Obama, none of them can't say how to make a rocket.
-He needed for someone to present the product to them.
-And that's why, I think, that creation of cometitive evironment, was the optimal investment.
-You are spending little money for devlopment, relatively little, but because of this, you are not losing, so to speak, the result. You can choose.
-Well, look what is being done right now with 'Bulava'. I have no doubt that it's gonna fly. Any rocket will fly.
-But my boss Vladimir Nikolaievich Chelomey, was always telling us: 'Any educated engineer, who of course graduated from the appropriate highest educational establishment,'
-'After taking Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute recommendations, is capable of making an airplane.'
-'But this plane will be uninteresting. It's going to fly, but it won't have anything extraordinary.'
-And when there's only 1 designer, and I treat any designer with great respect, but when there's only 1 designer, he is making customer his hostage, like any monopolist.
-He is coming and saying: 'It won't work, there won't be any, you can't do better... You just can't do better.'
-And it's always fault of technology, production, economy, well anything. I have worked here. I could explain to bosses why we had an accident somewhere,
-And they were believing it, even if later it turned out, that in reality, the reason was different. And it was getting fixed.
-They will fix this problem. But I'm not sure at all, that this product, and the next product, are going to be the best.
-Because there is no person, who you're gonna look up to, and say: 'I must think of something, otherwise we won't succeed in anything.'
-When we started to design cruise missile at Chelomey, our missile was called P-5. And, the fleet was anticipating it with hope.
-And we were looking on one side at Beriev, who was making his P-10 on Azov Sea, and from another side we were looking at Mikoyan, who filed an application for another cruise missile.
-And we had stimulation not to play tricks with the fleet, and not to explain to the government, that despite all of our accidents...
-But to be at least 1 step ahead of Beriev. And he was very close. He had a good missile. He didn't have unfolding wings.
-But back them, wings were the trademark.
-And this is very important. And I think, that without a doubt, the current leadership will eventually come to this, and it will realize, that you can't bet on 1, even the most high-spirited horse.
-Because it will immediately become lazy, and instead of running on the track, it's gonna be walking.
MOON PROJECT 'N-1'
-I think there was 3 problems why N-1 rocket didn't fly to the moon.
-First, is that designing of this system Sergei Pavlovich started back to front.
-That is, like any project, including 'Apollo', starts with determining how many tons you must deliver to the moon, how much to lunar orbit, how much on Earth's orbit.
-This means, that on Earth, launch weight of the rocket is calcualted accordingly.
-And, 10%-15% of excess is added to it. If you won't have any excess, you won't go anywhere, because someone is gonna overweight something.
-Sergei Pavlovich was saying: 'I am going to deliver to orbit for you, 75 tons, then 90 tons, and you will launch a rocket to the moon for me.' It can't be like that.
-It can't be like this in general, because Americans calculated, that they have 135 tons on orbit, and our electronics is much heavier, and we wanted to go there with 90 tons.
-And, he was talking about 1 astronaut. This is also not very clear. How can it be 1 astronaut?
-Like one of my acquaintances used to say: 'Left alone on the moon, fell on his back, and died there, like a turtle.'
-That's why, it is difficult to fly alone. This was the first mistake.
-When we were designing with Vladimir Nikolaievich, we only went as far as the drawings go.
-And by the way we haven't spent a single cent of budget money. We draw it like it was for fun.
-It turned out, that we must deliver to orbit 145 tons, unlike Amricans, with their 125, and so we would have excess.
-This was the first problem. The second problem, was that Sergei Pavlovich disputed with Valentin Petrovich. He was always calling him poisonous snake.
-He chose the wrong engine maker. A wrong one. Nikolai Dmitrievich Kuznetsov was no less talanted, than Valentin Petrovich.
-And I'm saying it very carefully, because Valentin Petrovich was nearing perfection in engine making.
-He should have learned first. Engines became good only after. And he packed the rocket with these engines.
-And when you have such a big number of engines, something somewhere is gonna fail for sure.
-And third problem of this project, was that there were 3 genius designers in the Soviet Union at that time, and they were completely different.
-Sergei Pavlovich was a genius manager. He was a good engineer, he had good intuition, but he didn't have enlighments.
-He was always telling his people: 'Make it! And I will check.'
-And when he was making R-7, he had this employee Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who wanted to make a satellite.
-He created R-7 rocket, made the 'Sputnik', and said, as they were good friends: 'Serj, I am going to be engaged in satellite projects'.
-And when he started to design N-1, he had a good colleagues. But, no matter how good colleagues you have, it's like when you are trying to make a baby, you must have 1 father, not plethora.
-Two other designers, they were, I want to continue my thought here...
-Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel historically was a person engaged in intercalation. At the factory, in army.
-And he could create all of his products for consumers.
-While Sergei Pavlovich was saying: 'You gonna take it. Everything I give you, you gonna take.'
-It didn't matter whether he was telling it to Khrushchev, or to some general.
-But Mikhail Kuzmich was like today's shop keeper.
-He was asking: 'Is it comfortable? Maybe I should make a bigger hatch? Oh, you don't like this one, then let's try this one then...'
-I think this was demonstration of his genius. Because every product, from a car to a rocket, must be maximum comfortable in use.
-And for this, all military men worshiped him.
-Chelomey was a genius scientist. He had new ideas. He never wanted to repeat after anyone.
-And so, they were competing between each other, and each of them was pulling the blanket over himself.
-And I remember, how Sergei Pavlovich already had the order, and Chelomey only had project of order, that was written by him, and there was Keldysh committee.
-And so they were visiting each other, this committee, checking things, shaking hands...
-My friend, Vladimir Alexandrovich Modestov was participating in these 'visits'. He was our head of ballistics.
-He was saying: 'I was watching these two, Chelomey and Korolyov, and each of them would prefer Americans to land on the moon faster, than their competitor.'
-This was on moon complex. But Chelomey wasn't participating in this complex, and he wasn't sucking any resources from our moon project.
-Because he was making his 'Proton' rocket, that was not for the moon, which Korolyov made use of, later.
-And if you gonna say, that all this is incorrect, and we should've take all the resources from the military projects, and give them to Sergei Pavlovich for his moon project,
-And then you could of course withdraw investments from house building, agriculture, matallurgy, and give everything to Sergei Pavlovich, then you'd still manage nothing.
-I think, that when they were shutting N-1 down, then a very smart person - Ustinov, realized this.
-He realized, that we are still not gonna go to the moon, and it's better for us, for now to pretend, that even if Americans surpassed us, then it's not a big deal.
-It was better, than later explain, why anything of this didn't worked. My personal opinion.
ROCKET 'UR-500' AND DESIGNER VLADIMIR CHELOMEY
-UR-500 was a small rocket. Not the 'Proton' we have today, that was made based on that. It could deliver 12 tons to orbit.
-It was for the military satellite - for 'Almaz'. And it had nothing to do with the moon, directly.
-It's just, Chelomey, unlike Sergei Pavlovich, was advancing step by step. He was testing eveyrhting step by step, and designing step by step.
-He was saying: 'Here I made UR-200, which wasn't accepted, and now based on it I'm gonna make UR-500. Large rocket in the middle, and on its sides are hanging sausages, based on UR-200.'
-'Then, I'm gonna lift this UR-500, and place on the bottom a large stage. On Earth it's gonna weight 4.500 tons. On top of it is gonna be UR-500. and it's gonna be called UR-700.'
-'It's going to deliver to orbit 140 tons, and we are going to go to the moon.'
-By the way, I think that, if at that moment someone would've decided to go for it, and there wouldn't have been such strong department lobbying from the side of Dmitry Fyodorovich Ustinov,
-And Korolyov was assigned with this project, then we would have had a chance to land on the moon. A very small chance.
-Because 4 years have been lost already, and it was hard to make such giant.
-But there were reserves. There was already UR-500, and 600 ton engines created by Glushko, and Glushko's experience.
-That is, I don't wanna say no, and I was asked a few times in NASA, how it would've been. I don't wanna say no, but there was a slight chance, that we'll be able to do it.
-And with N-1 it was, um, so to say... Not a dead end, but... I'll say it again - there was a mother, but there was no father.
-Insemination didn't happen, so to say.
-I've read many books, especially of Feoktistov, who was engaged in this.
-He was writing: 'We had a whole company of people working. and Chelomey was working incorrectly.' He was saying this.
-Because Sergei Pavlovich was giving tasks to us, but Chelomey was keeping close to himself the designing department, 100 people next to his office,
-And every morning he wasn't saying: 'Guys, design this for me', but instead he was saying: 'Guys, you drawing this, huh...? Now try it drawing like that.'
-'And you are drawing this? Now draw this version for me. And you - calculate this version for me.'
-That is, he was a person, who were designing. And those who were drawing, they were performers. And they were doing these versions, and he was choosing from them.
-And of course, in this case, it's much better. Because you can't write a poem all together.
-Chelomey had a vision. He was kind of clairvoyant.
-I am saying this, and many Vladimir Nikolaievich supporters don't like this, but it's true.
-When we were sitting on many head designer coferences, and like I am, everyone were down to Earth people, and everyone is saying normal things.
-I realize, that this is a serious project, but Vladimir Nikolaievich jumps up, he was an excellent orator.
-He grabs chalk, chalk grumbling, and some kind of pile of fantasies appeared on the blackboard. And honestly, sometimes I was embarrased for him.
-It seems, that we have this serious conference, and he is telling us some fairy tales, so to say.
-4-5 years were passing, and this fairy tale was becoming reality.
-That's why, he was indeed a person, who foresaw ahead. When everyone were thinking, that planes and cruise missiles must be launched from an aircraft carrier, with open wings,
-He said: 'Why? Why is it like this? When a woodpecker is jumping out of his hollow, he jumps out first, and opens his wings after. So why can't I?'
-And so he suggested this project. Everyone said: 'Garbage.'
-Tupolev said: 'Fairy tales. Circus.' But he was backed by Pavel Grigorievich Kotov, who was assistant of minister of military navy fleet. He had no choice.
-Because opening wing it is... You can't fit more than 5 missiles on a submarine. You gotta pull them in and out... Well, it was not weapon, it was a joke. A theory, so to say.
-Then, he managed to speak with Nikita Sergeievich, long before I started working in his DB. He backed him as well.
-And when in 1957, also before I came to him, he launched his of Fau missile, the wings opened, and Tupolev shook his hand and said: 'You were right'.
-Back then, Chelomey was 30 something years old. And it was like inventing the wheel. Because we've forgot, that Chelomey said only 2 things:
-'I am going to unfold wings, and I'm going to place missile inside container, and I will create there good microclimate. And it's not going to hit by rain, nor by anything else.'
-And today we see, that 'Tomahawks' also started from Chelomey's idea. Today nobody remembers this. But everyone is unfolding wings, and all missiles are in containers.
-And this became, as I said, like a wheel. Everyone is using it, but nobody can say who invented it.
-And he had huge amount of such ideas. And that's why his DB was hanging on him, and he was not giving it tasks like:
-'Make me, I don't know, a sattelite, that will be able to do this, and this, and that...' But he was checking his versions.
-He was saying one thing to one guy, another thing to another, and so on.
-And this is how he was different from other people. There was this administrator Yuri Geronimus. And Vladimir Nikolaievich was a good specialist on vibrations theory.
-He insisted everyone to learn these symmetric vibrations. And he was saying, that if you integrate them into Mathieu function, you are gonna come up with a final force.
-Not a zero, but a force. This way, a pendulum can freeze on an angle other that 90 degrees, bubbless can sink in a tank, and clog tubes.
-And one of the tasks he assigned to Geronimus, was to calculate all this. Normally he should have come up with a zero. But Geronimus did not come up with a zero.
-I've read his book, Geronimus' memoirs, where he says: 'Well, I decided, that I made a mistake, and not to upset Vladimir Nikolaievich, I came to him, and told him it was zero'.
-'He made a wry face, and said: 'Oh, well... OK... Thank you.'
-He deceived him, like a normal person, who dedn't realized what's the catch, would.
-In the same way like there was one of the first guided bombs. It was made... I don't remember by whom. By defense DB-648.
-Geronimus was also making those calculations. And it was spinning, like this. It had spoilers, and they were constantly spinning in a certain pattern,
-And if one of them was spinning a little slower, then a force should appear. But they still couldn't stabilize it. Oh, Svecharnik was making it.
-And Svecharnik even once stole these cinetheodolite membranes. There was a big scandal back then.
-So, nobody suspected anything about this force! Even Germans didn't realize what they had in their hands. They thought it was not real,
-That when you are constantly vibrating these interceptors, and although they always have the same force, if you integrate it, as the final result you're not gonna have a zero.
-It was spinning correctly. And you can't control it like this.
-This one time, we had an aileron vibrating, I delivered PhD thesis on this, about one of cruise missiles.
-It seems it goes up and down... What difference does it makes? But the missile would still have inclination towars one side.
-So why am I telling all this? These are all small details. And these weren't my inventions. Vladimir Nikolaievich was generating all this.
-It was in science, it was in fantastic ideas where and how we are going to fly. But he was always grounding everything, in the end.
-He ws talking, and talking, and talking, ramjet engine, cryogen, and everything else...
-And then he'd say: 'Well then, now let us see what we are going to have in 3 years.' He was a dreamer, but simultaneously - a realist.
-In 1960, he started to talk about a space station. He was saying:
- 'There will be a station, people are gonna come back and forth, cannons, missiles, to repel Americans... A city...'
-He was talking about a space shuttle, a rocket plane, that's gonna fly in orbit, then come down, dive, then fly up again...
-He had tons of genius ideas. But, like all genius people, he was with his, so to say, big complains and questions.
-Sometimes he was just demanding something, so to say, you know, like an artist, a theater producer.
-I remember it was 1960. Some high ranks should have come. No... Um... Oh, right, 1960. Before space launches.
-And so, we were drawing projects, satellites, rocket planes... And he exhausted us all back then, especially his first assistant Michail Ilyich Lifshitz.
-He was saying to him: 'You have drawn space with a wrong color. Why is it black?' And another time: 'Why is it kinda blueish? Why it's like that?'
-And so he was making fuss about space for 2 days. But then forgot about it.
-There were a lot of different little things. But the most important, that he had a vision, and providence.
-Later, by 1965, all this still turned into a military satellite 'Almaz', based on which started all of our space stations, and international space station,
-When Feoktistov took it from him, basically ready for launch.
-All of our space stations, and the international space station. All of these were coming from there.
-That's why there is a fantasy. And what you gonna do without fantasy, so to say? Look at Leonardo DaVinci, so to say. How much fantasy he had...?
-Chelomei had no less.
ROCKET AND SPACE INDUSTRY AND NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
-My father was an administrator, who was forced to solve different tasks by life itself.
-When he was sent to Ukraine, he said: 'I was clueless about agriculture.' He was saying it. But he studied.
-The diploma has nothing to do without it. Read some books, and most importantly, discuss the subject with people.
-And then again, a leader has an intuition. He needs to bet on someone. And you know, that 98% of people, who come to you with inventions, they are crazy.
-I don't mean crazy like they are from an insane asylum, but that they have this idea, that they gonna make this happen.
-But the invention itself is not so thought through.
-And there's very small percentage among them, which can offer a solution, when you'll be able to make lasers, or computers, or networks...
-And you need intuition for this. You will still make mistakes.
-And when a problem appeared about how should we optimize spendings for national security, but without bankrupting the country, and it turned out, that rockets do fly...
-Nikita Sergeievich for the first time, in 1956, went to Korolyov, looked at his rocket, so to say,
-Talked to him. Talked to other people. Communicated, learned. And believed in this. Well not right away of course, on the spur of the moment, so to say, after some first results.
-And further, his intuition told him, that the future of our security is particularly here.
-Like they thought back then, we will make 300-500 warheads, and then we can reduce armed forces to 1 million, because in this case Americans are not gonna attack us now.
-He started to convince his generals, who he know since The War, that rockets are the future.
-Take S-75 missle, for example. Everyone know it, so I'm not gonna talk about Chelomey again. These were Raspletin, Grushin... It was our second AA missile.
-And in 1960, all military men said: 'We do not need this. First of all, it's unreliable. While you checking one thing, another one breaks.'
-Well, naturally. This was the first generation. Then: 'Deployment for combat readiness - 5 hours. By then we are gonna be flattened, and everything will be over. We don't need this.'
-I remember I visited these demonstrations, in 1960, when not only minister Malinovsky, and supreme commander of AA forces Biryuzov were saying: 'Don't need it', but all generals.
-They were saying: 'Oh, what is this... It's sitting there... Spinning like a trophy...'
-And then there was Defense Council conferense. And Khrushchev, he was alone at that moment, said: 'Yes, you are all right, my friends generals, but I think, that this is the future.'
-'Today it's 5 hours, but tomorrow it's going to be 4, 3, 2... Even less. Everything breaks at start. But it will stop breaking.'
-I'm saying - we are all coming from Wright brothers' plane, and arrived to our modern planes.
-He continued: 'We must adopt these to the armed forces, because your AA cannons can't hit anything at all. But here, we have a hope. There is perspective.'
-If we think about it, all these branches are coming from then. Because Khrushchev, on intuition level, believed, that all this is gonna develop.
-Although even I remember, when I was working as an engineer with Chelomey, and we were making cruise missiles, I was horrified by what we were doing!
-This broke, then that broke... I was directly related to it. This amplifier doesn't work, this apparatus has a leak, something else here, and here...
-What kind of weapon is this?! We have war tomorrow, and we need 5 mechanics for each missile. I had no such premonition, but Nikita Sergeievich had.
-Cruise missiles appeared from that. Including 'Tomahawks'. Anti-tank missiles appeared from that. If we look at it today, all the roots are coming from there.
-Where is a premonition comes from? I will say the same thing like I said about Chelomey - it is purely human characteristic of a special talent.
-Because like a military man, a reformer, you can't learn to do reforms. You can't learn to win in a battle.
-Yes, of course, you must learn what people were doing before you. But if you don't have this intuition, so to say, the understanding of what you must do, you are not gonna win a war.
-If you do have intuition, then you are gonna win these battles, and it's you, who are gonna be studied later in military academies, so to speak.
-I will quote Nikita Sergeievich, like he was saying. I'm not gonna say any names, because both names belong to our heroes of WW2.
-But he was saying: 'We had generals. Bright, educated. In everything. Good interlocutors, at dinners. And they knew everything about war.'
-'But when a difficult situation arises, and they... Suffer a defeat.'
-'And with others, you're disgusted to even sit at the same table. But when a battle starts, and he gives some directions, and as the result, he wins it.'
-It has to do with intuition. And the last thing I'm gonna say, about Zhukov. -... -These 2 generls are not Zhukov.
-When Zhukov was defending Moscow, and he had no forces, when he was assigned, when there was nothing left. And one of his military council member was Bulganin.
-He was a known Stalin's representative. If there's a win, then it belongs to the commander-in-chief, and if there's a defeat, then both of them would be held responsible, including with their heads.
-And so, Zhukov, gathered all of his forces, and placed them on 3 roads, which were completely empty. Just empty fields.
-Bulganin got scared, and said: 'Georgy Konstantinovich, but why? What if Germans come from here? Will they be able pass?'
-Zhukov said: 'They will.' Bulganin: 'But why did you placed them here then?' Zhukov: 'I don't know. But if I was there, I would take these roads.'
-And Germans indeed came through these roads, and he delayed them, until reinforcements arrived, and we all know how it all ended.
-And this is all the same intuition. When even the author himself says: 'I don't know, but I think if I do this, I'm gonna win.'
COSMONAUTICS AND THE COUNTRY'S SECURITY
-You see, this is country's prestige, it's economy's driver, it's new inventions, but it's all words.
-If today we will talk about that period, then cosmonautics, 'Sputnik', Yuri Gagarin, on secutiry matters this was more important, than many armies.
-And I will quote the conversation of Khrushchev with Zhukov once again.
-American economy was 3 times more powerful, than ours. We know, that nuclear arsenal awas also more powerful.
-And we had a Central Committee congress... Back then it was the main decision making force in the country. It happened in July, 1955.
-And defense minister Zhukov spoke: 'Comrades, we must tell the truth. If Americans attack us, we re going to lose that war.'
-'And we must realize this, and probably take certain measures.'
-And, after this congress, Khrushchev said: 'Georgy, you shouldn't have said that. I understand you. You are totally right. But our task is not to win this war, but to prevent this war.'
-'Behave ourselves in a way, that we'll make Americans afraid to attack us. Because to win this war, we must reconstruct our industry in such way,'
-'That we won't have any resources for anything else. And then, we will win as a regime, if we will make our people's life better.'
-'And that's why, we must scare them, tell them, that we are making missiles like sausages.'
-And with all this, cosmonautics was a very powerful weapon. Because 'Sputnik', the first satellite, it was a shock, in America. A psychological shock.
-There was this Hollywood producer Hoffman, who made a movie, that was called 'Sputnik mania'. It was about how 'Sputnik' scared America to death.
-About how 'Sputnik' scared everyone to death, as if Soviet Union was strong. And president Eisenhower couldn't convince anyone dufferently.
-On his speeches, he was saying: 'Oh, come on... We have a lot of this, and a lot of that, and we have the same missiles... What about 'Sputnik'? So they launched some piece of metal...'
-Nobody believe him. And this was that exact secret weapon of Khrushchev - he was breaking consciousness.
-And it was cheaper, than making hundreds of ships or thousands of tanks, while still being unsure, whether they would win or not.
-And then again, what kind of victory can you have in a nuclear war? This is all fairy tales.
-That's why, back then, it was very important for national security. 'Sputnik', and Yuri Gagarin, and the fact, so to say, that we are launching these space apparatuses to the moon, and that they were heavier, than American ones.
-It was very important. When Americans landed on the moon, it was not important anymore.
-It was already passed to publicity stunt category, public reations, who was the first and who was the second, like horses ona a racetrack.
-Because the amount of destructive potential was equalized on both sides, and nobody had to scare anyone anymore. It was firghtening as it is.
-I've read this book, and so I know, that there is a rumor, that Khrushchev was the first to suggest to put missiles in silos. It's true.
-I know for myself, that he suggested: 'Let's put missile into a silo, because I gotta feeling, that it's gonna work.'
-And at that time, Sergei Pavlovich, and Barmin, and Yangel, refused.
-He said: 'They are standing on the ground, which makes them defenseless, so to say. But if we bury them down there...'
-And this is the difference, between basically amateur talent, and a professional. He didn't know about these problems, like gasdynamic, etc.
-He said: 'In there. And we should think about the rest later.' But Barmin, and the rest, knew about them.
-And they said: 'And how would we do it? And where gases are gonna go? All this will explode. It will be obliderated.'
-And they convinced Nikita Sergeievich. They were sitting at a beach in Crimea, all together. Not in their underwear, of coourse, but in their summer dressing.
-And later, when I was already working with Chelomey, I read in information board of research institute RI-88, back then it was called differently,
-That Americans are placing their missiles in silos. I showed the article to Nikita Sergeievich. And on a presentation, he showed it to Yangel.
-He said: 'See? Americans are doing it.' He answered: 'Yes, I see. Let's try it.' So they tried.
-The first pancake, as we know, turned out twisted, with significant silo damages.
-So what...? We ruined it, oh well, get over it, so to speak. And everyone was calm.
-That is, I don't wanna say, that Khrushchev was capable of inventing something, but he had strong forefeeling. And not only this.
-If we study another case, like we saying today - 'Khrushchev's poorly built apartment buildings... And whole neighborhoods of them are built...' And all the rest.
-But without mass building of houses, it's impossible to provide housing for everyone. It's like Ford's automobile.
-It's not Maybach, but it's people's car. And these building blocks... He was gathering all these designers and inventers piece by piece.
-And this one time, he travelled to Lvov, or to some place in Germany, and he saw a stove, you know the one with holes on the overlay.
-And before this, overlays were made of wood, and it was rotting. He ran around, asking who was making this stove.
-He was answered: 'There is this factory, in Germany.' And Germany was still paying reparations, and he said: 'Well, bring this factory to Ukraine'. He was still in Ukraine back then.
-Then first projects started. He foresaw all this as well. Although there was a lot of everything. Well... I deviated from the topic a lot.
FLIGHTS OF HUMANS TO DEEP SPACE
-Conceptualy, we must decide. We are a part of the world. We are a scientific community. So, do we need humans further, that Earth's orbit?
-Today. Yesterday we needed this, tomorrow maybe we'll need it. But if you are sending people to the moon, I'm not even talking about Mars,
-You need to bring oxygen, food. You must process wastes, so to say.
-When a person arrives to Mars, during say 2-5 days, a week, jumping around, looking around, picks are few dozens of rocks.
-And then, he flies back, and again, he eats, drinks, and processing it into something, which is a very serious task for an engineer. I know, because I was engaged in this myself.
-Or, you send this vehicle, like they do today, that drive around Mars for 2 years. You can look around, you can order it to go left or right.
-It's not like during my time, when there were no computers, no nothing, and a person should have been sitting behind the wheel himself.
-And after a short period of time, all this will be even more powerful.
-That's why I think, that today, humans flying to faraway planets - is anachronism.
-We should send computerized systems, while sitting in your office, watch, and give orders to it.
-And later, when it turns out, that there is a capability, and the necessity to fly on some kind of larger things. A city built in space.
-Today they say: 'We are going to mine for Helium-3'. But I really don't know who would need it right now.
-But if it will indeed be required, otherwise we won't be able to survive, then we must solve this extremely difficult task.
-But today, it's more like a PR stunt, than scientific. In my opinion.
-When I say this in America, all astronauts are immediately looking at me, so to say, without much approval.
-They explain to me, that it's not true. Well, I think Russians are also gonna say the same thing. Everyone love their profession. Everyone wants to do something.
-Everyone want to fly somewhere. But, I think, that this is not expedient.
ABOUT FATHER
-He loved all people, who were making achievements. He loved Yuri Gagarin who flew to space, and for what he could do, and how good he was, etc.
-And he was greeted. In reality, he came up with all this greeting. In reality, everyone were saying: 'Don't'.
-And when he said, that he must be promoted, then Malinovsky said: 'Alright, let's give him captain rank.' Khrushchev said: 'Don't be stingy. At least give him major.'
-When the limousine came, Khrushchev didn't wanted to get in. He said: 'It is your celebration, not mine'.
-But Gagarin pull him by his hand. Of course he wanted to sit there. Of course, if he really didn't wanted to go, he wouldn't have gone.
-He arranged all these celebrations, Red Square. When people had somewhere to go for a walk, so to say.
-This celebration was like the celebration of Victory. He loved them. But on the other hand, he loved many other artistic people. Maybe someone like Pustovoi, who created a new kind of sunflower, or some sort.
-Or Luba Liya. I remember she had record in corn harvest. He knew all of them.
-He was a person, who was, so to say, interested in all these matters professionally.
-And he had separate professional approach to each of them. And he had this interesting thing, which we are ingnorant about today...
-He wasn't saying: 'Show me something. Anything.'
-He could talk about stoves designer for house building, and with some kind of crop grower, and with Korolyov, with Chelomey, and with Gagarin, on their professional language.
-Well of course not in the language of details, but he had understanding.
-Russia is living with some kind of unchecked myths, narrations, and other. My father never worked at a mine.
-He wasn't a miner. He was a highly qualified mechanic, on factory called 'Basse', it's the owner's surname. It was located in Rutchenkovo town, and where Rutchenkovo mine was located.
-That is, he was working on the surface, he belonged to, like they're called today, working aristocracy.
-He was wearing a tie, and sometimes even bow-tie, he could play an accordeon, he was riding a bycicle.
-Then, he fitted a little engine on the bycicle. He was inventing omething back then too.
-And I even have the badge, which he used to go to the mine. It was sent to me from closing down Khrushchev museum, from the city of Donetsk. Now I don't know what museum I should give it to.
ABOUT MINDS OUTFLOW
-Right now we are in the same situation, like our technology was in 1930's. That is we...
-Well maybe a little better, I exaggerated a little bit.
-That is, we must perform a dash, over what we have lost in the past 25 years. When nothing was being done.
-Because not only me is talking about this problem. Everyone is talking about this, not just me.
-In DB's are sitting people of my age, and little boys and girls. And where are those like us? We were receiving our rewards when we were 30-35 years old.
-This is the exact age, when you can take risks, and do things, so to say, and everything. And it seems, that you have whole life ahead of you. But on the other hand, you've learned something.
-That is, today, these boys and girls must learn, so after 10-15 years, Korolyovs and Chelomeys would grow out of them.
-Where have all of them came from? They all came from there. All of us are born from the same place, so to speak, and we are coming from there.
-And we need this natural selection to take place.
-And it's not true, when someone says: 'Well, minds outflow is not so bad...' It is very bad!
-There is nothing worse than this. Because if this mind left, it's never going to come back.
-And you can't replace 1 Chelomey's brain with a whole DB.
-There will be this Yangel's DB, so to say, and it's gonna assemble these rockets that he invented, or of the same type he invented. But there will be nothing new.
-That's why, we must stop minds outflow. And how can you stop it? You can't stop it with high salaries.
-They are still gonna pay more. In any case - they'll pay more. They can be stopped in only 1 way.
-A scientist is like an artist, like a military man. He needs a goal. He needs, so to say, his own fame, greatness of his country...
-He must be thinking: 'I am working here, and everyone need me.'
-It's not by chance, that all people who Khrushchev considered important, these are Korolyovs, Chelomeys, Yangels, Semyonovs, Krchatovs... Countless. Pustovoi...
-He was saying: 'Here is my personal number. Give me a call.'
-He met Sarant and Barr in Leningrad, and he said: 'We are going to create micro-electronics industry. We are going to build Zelenograd.'
-We will assign Sarant for it. In reality he had a different name, he was our agent in America, he was working for us.
-He said: 'Here is my personal phone number, comrade Sarant. If you need anything, call me, I'll help.'
-It's that, nobody called him, almost. They weren't calling every 5 minutes, about every little thing, like when they argued with a minister or something.
-But it is realization, that the head of state is thinking about me, about everything, so to say. And this is important.
-And so, if all these things will come together, then maybe minds will stop to outflow.
-And I've read some horrifying things, and I didn't read them in America, but here.
-That Russia has 25.000 Ph.D's left, and in America, Russian Ph.D's - 14.000. And in Europe probably even more.
-These are Russian numbers. I have no responsibility over them whatsoever.
-But it's probably correct. Because, our university has one professor of mathematics and Russian language, and another one, and another one...
-And where all of them came from? They all came from Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics.
-This means, that minds has gone from there. And it was, the main, so to say, mastermind behind all this.
-That's why, everyone is underestimating this here. Without a brain, it's not even a dinosaur.
-I'm also not a national treasure. I am also a regular person, who needs for someone to be interested in me.
-Yes, I repeat - to be interested. I remember Kapitsa was asnwering to Nikita Sergeievich:
-'We, scientists, are like artists. We need for the community to know us, write about us, praised us, love us.' It's true. It's all true.
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