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it was an immense empire that of a
Turkish dynasty from the
confines of Asia Minor
fighters of Islam the empire
Ottoman in 1453 subjected the empire
Byzantine whose constantinople capital
it was renamed istanbul in the 17th century
at its peak
the Ottomans besieged their empire well
It stretched over three continents of the
black sea to the red sea imposing its law
in an incomparable mosaic of towns and
beliefs
however in a century the empire
Ottoman and the impact of
his fall was heard from the
Balkans to the Middle East
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It was then that the
fractures of a world that is ours
the end of the Ottoman Empire
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first part the nations against the
empire
sarajevo capital of bosnia herzegovina
in the center of Europe reminds us of the
tragedy of the Yugoslav wars the
last conflicts of the 20th century
Sarajevo suffered for more than three
years the siege of the forces
Serbian nationalists determined to
destroy what had been an example
of coexistence between Orthodox Serbs
Croatian Catholics and Bosnian Muslims
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an ethnic cleansing operation whose
civilians were the first victims
bosnians
Slavs like the others but
descendants of those who were converted
to Islam at the time of the conquest of
the Balkans by the Ottomans
in the 14th century the Yugoslav wars
they revived old topics
concretely the idea that for some
strange reason
perhaps because of the Ottomans the
villages in this area of europe always
it had been announced and for that reason
the conflict broke out in 1991 and 1992
but the history of Eastern Europe we
reveals that it is not like that
it is not a story of tensions
ethnicities but from a history of
complex coexistence between different
peoples and religious confessions
the goal of historians in the
90s was to combat that topic
being very careful not to create
another that of an Ottoman and bilic empire
and gentle in which Christian Jews
and Muslims called each other
others
judging from the violence and chaos that
they followed the Ottoman era can
look like a golden age but in reality
the social order that reigned in that
empire was not egalitarian
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non-Muslims will be inferior to
Muslims were subject to a
specific tax and could not carry
weapons or Christian proselytizing
orthodox Armenian and Jewish Catholics
they were organized in the 1010 term
Ottoman that designated the communities
confessional every millet was
administered by its responsible clergy
as much of the religious subjects as
civilians throughout the empire of
the Anatolian Balkans of Mesopotamia
holy land the system of the millet
allowed Jewish Christians and
Muslims cohabitate elbow with elbow
together but not scrambled an order
imperfect but fluid that guaranteed
for more than four centuries the
stability of the empire an order
accepted while the subject peoples
they will not claim more identity than their
Religión
as soon as the policy appeared
the system falls apart is what
it happened in the 19th century and it was the great
challenge of the Ottoman Empire as
adapt a system of government that
worked in a prepolitical world to a
political world
the new political world that was going to
challenge the empire was born of the
ideals of the French revolution of
the new aspirations of the people to the
freedom and emancipation something
irreconcilable with the very idea of
empire
(applause]
the Greeks were the first to
question the Ottoman yoke in 1821
a revolt broke out
very soon it became a
authentic war of independence and
pajín the feeling of an identity
Greek existed long before
began the 19th century was based on
the heritage of ancient Greece and about
everything in the network
christian orthodox john
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that feeling of identity was
shared by all of the
Christians of the Balkans elite
Christian was Greek until the late
19th century all the Christians of the
Balkans
regardless of their language they had
the same spiritual boss
the orthodox greek patriarch of
constantinople
so that it was already for religion
by language or by education can
say that the Greek identity was
dominant for a long time between
Christian populations of the empire
Ottoman with the Greek revolution
the Orthodox Christians of the empire
they emerged as a people with a language
and a story a Greek nation that
aspired to be an independent state
an example for the other minorities of the
empire to destroy it from within the
enemies understood it with the excuse
to protect the oppressed Christian people
for the Muslim empire great france
Britain and Russia supported the
Greek independence
everyone wanted the Ottoman territories
both in Europe and in the East
greece in the center of the mediterranean
he occupied a strategic position
especially for Russia that ambitioned
control the straits of
Mediterranean climate
We can not forget that the powers
foreign companies competed in the area
the interests of france britain and
Russia almost always opposed often
two of these powers allied to
fight against the third so that
Greece was in the middle of
conflicting interests
specifically among those of Great Britain
that was the naval power of
Eastern Mediterranean and those of Russia
who was looking for an outlet to the sea
Mediterranean climate
in 1829 Great Britain and Russia
they negotiated in london the independence
from greece an independence that was going to
change the destiny of the empire more than
you criticize me the Ottoman Empire
he was one of the greatest of that time
dominated the middle east from the
Territorial point of view the loss
of continental Greece and the
peloponnese was insignificant does mató
I said symbolic megali but
symbolically it was very important already
that chris bosh was the beginning of the
insurrections that marked all the
19th century and they made the empire
Ottoman lost the Balkans since not
they smoke and that the truck was a great
trauma that Turkish history still does not
has passed
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the effect was immediate with the backing
From Russia
the Slavs of Serbia and Romania were
they revolted and they got the autonomy
they were still vassals of the empire
but they took a big step towards
independence.
how to stop the wave from 1839 on
Sultan Abdul Majid initiated a series of
unprecedented reforms in the empire
the tan simat promised freedom and
security to all individuals
Ottomans the equality of all Muslims
and non-Muslims before the law and before
taxes as if it were still possible
create an Ottoman citizen faithful to his
empire
I think the bureaucrats of the empire do not
they controlled at all the intensity of
the emancipation of the communities
they went from a confessional identity
pure and simple to a national identity
In other words, each confession is
determined to be conceived as a
national entity and the fact that
there were languages like the Serbian judge
or Armenian Greek that they constitute in
certain way the basis of these communities
confessionals accelerated the process of
nationalizations
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little by little the millet soto hands are
they were transforming nations into
nations settled in the identity
religious as well as in the language
the volcanoes have not stopped assuming
heritage
that's how in Bosnia the same people
Slavic speaking the same Slavic language
it was divided into antagonistic nations
Orthodox Christians called Serbs
and Muslims vindicating as
reaction your own national identity
no services nor Bosnian Ottomans in 1875
in the province a revolt of
Serbian peasants who accentuates the
rupture between the peoples in Bosnia the
landlords were mostly
Muslims and Christian Peasants
orthodox so that a revolt
peasant could be understood as a
class revolt and at the same time as a
revolt explains a historian
nationalist will say that the
events of 1875 in Bosnia were
a nationalist revolt but according to
the sources of the time really
were both circumstances the region
I suffered an endemic man
the weather was precarious the bad harvests
so it was an ethnic revolt or
a class revolt were the two a
the time in all the Balkans the
Christian peasants took up arms
the repression carried out by mercenaries
Ottomans the Basiyis ubs was brutal
in bulgaria they carried out authentic
massacres the western press was doing
echo of events europe took
party for the Christians of the empire
Ottoman
the Turk became a figure
repulsive
he does the worst atrocities ignoring
reprisals inflicted on the
Muslim populations of the Balkans
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(applause]
1876 was the year of all dangers
the Bosnian revolt became
the crisis of the East the Ottoman power was
wobbled in Istanbul a blow of
state dismissed the reigning sultan
abdulaziz supposedly his successor murat
I had a mental illness in August
from 1876 the power was entrusted
abdülhamid brother of mural
in the imperial mosque of iuc se
he defined the sword of osman founder of
the dynasty was 34 years old and
became the thirty-fourth
Ottoman Sultan
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abdulá me was the last hope
He tried to play his tricks in a moment
in which the empire began to
fragment under the effect of
internal nationalisms
specifically in the Balkans and the
pressure of the great powers
they thought he was going to be a liberal who
would give the empire a constitution a
dream that the Ottoman liberals
had for some years
they believed that this would solve all
the problems of the empire that would be a
kind of panacea that would prevent the
intervention of the great powers
abdul hamid fulfilled the dream of the
liberals
there was a constitution elections a
parliament and equality was confirmed
among all Muslim individuals and
non-muslim
He believed that this would
nationalist desires in the Balkans that
would stop the European powers that
they were still demanding reforms
shortly the illusions lasted in April
1877 Russia declared war
the great problem of the Ottoman Empire was
russia russia wanted to destroy that empire
because she considered herself the protector of
the Slavs
specifically those of the Balkans in
that era there was a movement
Lake loaves considerable that it influenced
much in the Russian leadership someone
as Dostoevsky only dreamed of the
taking of constantinopla with seeing it
turned into sari created the city of
the Tsars
that's how the denominates go in Russia in
that time it was about matters
really important
Christianity against Islam bread is
the same against the Ottoman Empire
there were many things at stake
in a few weeks the Ottomans were
expired Russia and a great plan of
dismantling
but neither France nor Great Britain nor
austria hungary
they wanted him to appropriate the booty of
empire in June 1878 the great
European powers met in the
Berlin Congress
the Ottomans were represented but
they had no voice they were not authorized to
discuss about nothing had come
the moment of the great deal russia
victorious takes the territories of
Caucasus got it to be created a
new state christian bulgaria
officially vassal of the Ottoman Empire
but actually under Russian tutelage
Romania and Montenegro and Serbia won
definitely its independence
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as for bosnia herzegovina it was
occupied by austria hungary
thus counteracting the Russian influence
in the balkans
in total the empire of abdul hamid
he lost more than 200 thousand kilometers
squares in europe
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the authentic history of this era does not
it's just the story of the loss of
the Ottoman territories is also the
history of the loss of your home to
the Ottoman Muslims and the
displacement of millions of people
a very violent displacement in this
era began to identify the
refugees as a problem
International the crisis of 1876 1878
as well as the expansion of the Russian Empire
around the Black Sea that caused the
appearance of hundreds of thousands of
Muslim refugees really marked
the beginning of the modern era of
refugee
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hurry that bet by kilo of cocaine and
Chile in corruption the crisis
this deposit and make eating biosoap
igape and coconut and not only for how it
pay everything and without public ceiling yen
electricity all social benefit and
txiki after the war after the
humiliation of berlin
abdul hamid closed the parenthesis
liberal suspended the constitution of
1876 and from that moment king does not
only as a despot but a despot
illuminated that did not renounce to save the
empire
he wanted to textually add to the
civilization from the east the good thing about the
culture of the West under his reign he
modernized the army the
justice administration trade
and the infrastructures
education was a priority in everything
the empire academies were created
military medicine or law
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in 1888 the orient express performed by
first time the paris route istanbul
in just three days there were many
travelers and elections the modes and
western influences istanbul
constantino plan was a city of
reverie in the second half of the century
19 had totally transformed
turning towards modernity
although the reign of abdul hamid was
a period of oppression of repression
of autocracy
it was a beautiful time for istanbul
a good time around the pear palace
the very sarah bernard visited him
I think twice and product of
this modernity appeared a new
social class a petty bourgeoisie
financial people who benefited
in some way the survival of the
empire
Europeans were also
interested in the Ottoman Empire
Survive France and Great Britain
they had invested in the
trade and in the societies of
railroads and mining and even the
Ottoman Empire Bank
the state bank relied on
French and British capital one
dominant position reinforced by the
system of capitulations treaties
renovated since the 16th century that
granted Europeans privileges
important in the bosom of the empire as
free trade and the exemption from
taxes rates from the 19th century
the capitulations were granted to all
the western nations were a
guarantee of inviolability a kind
of total safe conduct
basically they provided everything
foreigner who was under his
[1]4.40[2]Protection.
the right to do what you want without
that the Ottoman authorities
it would annoy the inviolability of
extraterritoriality
it was an almost colonial privilege the
existence of the capitulations is a
violation of our rights
he wrote insult to Tunja me but what
could do
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had a margin of maneuver limited to
come to power he found a
bankrupt
unable to repay debts
contracted in the French and
British in 1881 the
administration of public debt that
limited its power corruption but a
consortium that reached into how many
income are from the state needed
to guarantee the solvency of the empire
and the satisfaction of the debts was a
direct violation of sovereignty
fiscal of the empire
there was a lot of resentment
bitterness because he was getting into a
modernization program and that
modernization in the sense of
Westernization implied the
idea that the East was unable to
transform yourself without any
external stimulus producing a
kind of inferiority complex that
it can still be seen in turkey
a strange mixture of love and hate towards
THE WEST
we love him and we want to imitate him to be like
he and at the same time we feel rancor
for dominating by having canceled
our own model
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for a long time france and great
Britain protected the integrity of
Ottoman Empire guarantee of its
stability
but at the end of the 19th century they changed
the priorities European imperialism
it was in full swing looking for
new resources of new markets
France had conquered Algeria
Ottoman in 1881 seized Tunisia
the next year it was his turn to
Egypt that was occupied by Great Britain
through the Suez Canal was approaching
to india the jewel of his colonial empire
for the Ottomans it was a betrayal but
for a power that until then
I had been discreet
it was the opportunity to get into the
Ottoman game
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Germany became a great
economic power
competed with Great Britain and in the end
it surpassed it until it could be measured with
United States
that's very important Germany is
placed thereafter between
three first commercial powers of the
world in a context of globalization
of unprecedented exchanges
the intervention of germany in the east
and specifically in the Ottoman Empire
should be understood in this context and in
1889 the Kaiser William -second
made an official visit to istanbul
abdülhamid received him with pageantry as
symbol of the new friendship
the two emperors sketched the plans
of a new railway line is
would extend from berlin was it
going through Mesopotamia towards the gulf
Persian and its oil fields
at the gates of protected territory
Great Britain
later taking advantage of a trip through
Holy Land
Guillermo Segundo scored a goal in
damask when officially proclaimed
friend and protector of the peoples
Muslims
this meant two things in the first
Instead, the declaration made the
ottomans
was the proof that the kaiser and not
I wanted the disintegration of man
sick but quite the opposite is
committed to keep his unit was
warmly welcomed as an ally
europe that differed from the others
great powers to pretend
stabilize the empire
but this statement was also a
taking position with respect to
traditional powers present in the
British French and Russian region
clearly announced the commitment
Kaiser politician in the area
the Germans knew how to take advantage of
fact of being a new nation a
nation and an empire that until then
he had not betrayed the interests
Ottomans had not participated in the
exploitation of resources there was no
been present in the great game of
east and pronounced in favor of what
that others always forgot the
Muslims
(applause]
it was a very skillful political coup and the
Sun so current Hamid converted to Islam
in a political and strategic argument
first order
the Ottomans wanted to prevent the
experience of the Balkans marked by
the development of the different
national identities based on
religion and history reproduced
in the Arab world balkanization
had supposed the division and the
secession of entire territories of the
that the power of the empire depended
Ottoman
if in the Arab world that
LOCATION
the empire would be reduced to the
Turkish territories something the Ottomans
I wanted to avoid at all costs
on the one hand abdul hamid was
perfectly aware that one day
or another the empire would lose the Balkans
and that the shrinking of lesser Asia
more or less defined already as anatolia
it would be inevitable
you had to protect the hard core of the
empire that according to him was the core
Turkish through a Muslim periphery
who could form said periphery
Muslim Albanian Kurds and Arabs
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abdul hamid was not only sultan
temporal sovereign was also khalifa
commander of the believers leader
spiritual of Sunni Islam an attribute
that dated back to the 16th century and to the
conquest of the holy places of the
mecca and medina by the Ottomans decided
fully assume this role and do
of Islam a new foundation for its
empire a readjusted empire in which
the Muslims already reached the three
quarters of the population
in 1900 for his anniversary abdul hamid
inaugurated a new line of
railway the sacred line of the hijab
that united istanbul with the mecca and that
he remembered that the Ottomans were the
guardians of the pilgrimage and that
they reached beyond the borders of
empire
I believe that his goal was to convert
Ottoman Empire in a great power
Muslim in a large Muslim state or
the last great Muslim state of the
history since iran was almost there
under control as well as afghanistan
the others were colonized was a
way to play great power
worldwide because from Algeria to
indonesia was in contact with a
Muslim world very important in
number and extension and that gave him the
feeling that effectively the
Ottoman Empire was a great power to
diplomatic level since it extended
all over the world
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the caliphate's policy
developed mostly from the
interior of the Syrian Ottoman Empire
Palestinian Mesopotamia and Yaz Yemen
Arab provinces forgotten during
long time they recovered the favors of
Sultan the railroad brought them closer
center of the empire schools were opened
and academies the local elites were
promoted and integrated into the
army and in the administration and
although in beirut and damask it resonates
call for autonomy and
cultural renovation the provinces
Arabs remained loyal to the empire
(applause]
the peoples of the Arab provinces
they were aware of what had happened
in the north of Africa the occupation
British of Egypt in 1882
many politicians of beirut and damask
they truly understood that if they claimed
independence and they left the empire
Ottoman would be exposed to an occupation
european
we are really in a pre age
national
the Ottoman order was maintained in the
Arab provinces feeding the
illusion of a stable stable empire
in your new borders but to what
price in oriental anatolia a minority
Christian began to be interested in the
independence.
the Armenians spread among the
empires has taken Russian and Persian
they claimed a religion a language and
an old story a threat to
the Ottomans at the heart of what
considered as the hard core of their
empire
Anatolian Turkish Muslim in 1894
a revolt broke out in sa solum as
retaliation some Armenian populations
they were massacred was a prelude to the
genocide of 1915
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that massacre definitely marked a
rupture in imperial history not only
in the 19th century but imperial in general
since the idea that you could
exterminate a population that
with impunity was considered legitimate
I think the notion of homogenization
ethnic was also there can be seen
clearly in some 200 elements
thousand victims in a population of one
million and a half
it is not little that we really say
there was willingness on the part of the
state of changing data
demographics
but also to mark the story
Armenian with a very traumatic page
to prevent other types of protests or
CLAIMS
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European public opinion was
outraged in the press of the time was
caricatured Abdülhamid as the
sultan red the great bleeding
the butcher
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However, European governments do not
Armenians intervened officially
protected from the congress of berlin
they were abandoned to their fate
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the empire focused on anatolia asia
smaller but in the Balkans was preparing
its fall in the last territories
European empire in Macedonian
they faced from then on
Greek Serbian nationalists and
bulgarians
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Greek nationalism was expansionist
and of course I coveted Macedonian
continually referred to the
Macedonia of antiquity to the king
Philip and Alexander the Great who were
ubiquitous in the movement
Greek nationalist from the beginning
but very soon in the second half of
19th century appeared in turn the
Bulgarian national movement that
he also claimed Macedonian
as long as the Serbian national movement
claimed a northern part of
Macedonia also had movements
locals all acted as if they did not
there was the Ottoman Empire the
different Christian nationalisms are
they clashed violently between them
curiously with much more violence
that when they fought against the empire
Ottoman who despite everything was still
representing the state in that area
it was a process is not that suddenly
discover in what felt greek
Bulgarian or Turkish only it was about
prove that Orthodox Christians
of Macedonia were all Greeks or
Bulgarians a combat that lasted for decades
a fight that took place in the
schools in the churches and in the press
hours from 1905 1906
the combat became very violent between
greece and bulgaria was unleashed in a
authentic war in front of the
Ottoman officers
that's when it started to emerge
other issues the Muslims of the
region were only the lungs or
they also had a national identity
the answer came from the ranks of the
Ottoman army on July 3, 1908
in Thessaloniki
a group of young officers are
mutinied were Muslims just like the
other Ottoman military came from the
union and progress committee
the main opposition force to the Sultan
and they also claimed their identity
Turkish successive defeats and withdrawals
of the empire they had been humiliated
they wanted to end the regime
authoritarian of abdul hamid and save the
empire they called the young Turks
in three weeks they put the balkans to
red alive were not a threat to the
power on July 23 the old sultan
abdul hamid had to reset the
liberal constitution of 1876 the same
which had suspended in 1878 was unleashed
the euphoria in a moment of freedom and
of unprecedented fraternity in a
famous speech ismail in see one of
the leaders of the revolution declared
we are all brothers and there are no Bulgarians
Greek Romanian or Jewish Serbs in
our empire we are proud of
be ottomans there was the
fraternization between the communities
Christian and Jewish women in the
Balkans
the socialist revolutionaries
they published pamphlets saying that by
The reform had come
end turkey was a democratic state
a modern state emancipation
was and the Armenians left the
armed conflict
there was a kind of drunkenness of
freedom in the big cities of
country
there was something cartoonish something funny
the embraces between religious and seeing
Muslim magnets
it is true that there was a certain
effervescence
specifically in the case of media
of communication the press began to
recover after 30 years
interesting things happened between 1908 and
1912 in istanbul
the paradox of the revolution of the
young turks was that it seemed to save
to the Ottoman Empire but in reality
provided to all these elements
Centrifugal still budding more
audience more chances of
Express oneself
that was the paradox and the young
Turks realized immediately what
that they proposed in the first instance was
keep the Ottoman Empire keep
the requests of non-Muslims
as long as the Turkish element dominates
the empire the young patriotic Turks
they were slowly transforming into
nationalists of the consucc
the nationalist current born in
greece a century before
finally arrived at the center to the nucleus
hard of the Ottoman Empire
I was condemned in the chaos that followed
of the revolution.
Bulgaria with the support of Russia
proclaimed its independence
austria hungary annexed bosnia
herzegovina
the Ottomans were unarmed in
Istanbul was plotting the
counterrevolution the young Turks
they accused the sultan of backing her
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On April 27, 1909, Abdul Hamid was
dismissed and exiled in Thessaloniki
Music
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his younger brother reza pitt happened to him
with the name of mehmet fifth
it was proclaimed in the joop mosque
although the splendors remained the
new sultan would not be more than a
While the government was in the hands of
the revolutionaries
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in the spring of 1911 at the request of
the revolutionaries
fifth magnet traveled to Macedonia with the
in order to revive the Ottoman power in its
last European possessions was
acclaimed from Thessaloniki kosovo
the religious dignitaries paraded
side of collegiate illusion of unity
because nobody was unaware that the whole area
the Ottomans were escaping
even the known Muslim Albanians
for being the last bastion the belt
of iron of the empire revolted in
half of Greek and Bulgarian Serbs the
Albanians claimed their identity
national
based on their language, their culture and
Muslim faith without being Ottoman the betas
and a minority brotherhood but
influential contributed to shape
this singular identity we
we claimed a voice we asked
independence we did not consider that
the sultan was our peace and the state
Ottoman persecuted everyone who
I would like to create an Albanian state
they could act during the day
that's why they were welcomed in our
centers
some say today that we were
submitted to the Turks but it is not like that
it is true that we shared the same faith
Muslim but politically we were
delivered to Albania and no other
homeland,
that was the position of the vectra sis
Music
the Albanians would have remained
loyal to an empire that had
recognized his autonomy but the new
power responded with force to their
applications in Kosovo the insurgents
Albanians went underground
the break had been consummated
you to duo
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the Balkans waited for the signal to
definitely confront the empire
the sign came from tripolitania libya
the last Ottoman province of
African continent that Italy
ambitioned in September 1911 Rome
the Ottoman army went on the offensive
resisted but could not prevent the advance
Italian read it
the Libyan occupation showed that the
empire could not defend itself had
come the turn of serbia montenegro
greece and bulgaria that joined in a
Balkanic alliance and in October of 1912
they declared war mercenaries
Albanians joined them
(applause]
the Ottoman army greatly weakened after
what happened in Libya was crushed
Thessaloniki the city of the revolution of
1908 was occupied by the Greek forces
the Ottoman army did not resist and
the fact that the city that yesterday to without
opposing resistance with was considered
as a humiliation that to this fall
the one of edirne followed to him two steps of
Istanbul was a double humiliation
tufted days thereafter the
speech was radicalized it was a
extremely hostile speech against
of Bulgarian Greeks and Serbs
the idea that the set of
Christian communities were enemies of the
empire generalized the idea that
Europe had betrayed the empire of
that Europe had not defended
empire spread widely those
territories were essential they were not a
annex of the empire
the Turks settled in the Balkans
a century before the taking of
Constantinople founded their second
capital in the middle or in adrianapolis the
balkans will be the richest areas and
the most open the most modern
at the end of the 19th century salonic was a
modern city and you're more modern than
they are wood was a showcase of
modernity
all this was lost in 1912 1913 when
they lost Salonica which happened to be
crack was a terrible trauma
a
the nations of the Balkans won
the empire took the revenge of
four centuries of occupation but as
they were going to be divided into Macedonian
Ottoman rivalries arose the
Bulgarian ambitions if they opposed the
from greece and serbia and all are
they faced those of the Albanians they
resumed the war facing the
ancient allies was no longer a war of
liberation of some peoples against a
same teacher but a war of
Nations nations willing to eliminate
to the other to exist to eliminate who
speak another language or vindicate
another faith
entire cities were massacred
expulsions violations conversions
forced everything was done to clean
the territories more than 400,000 people
they were forced to move
Muslims in its vast majority was the
origin of what we now call
ethnic cleansing what occurred in
the nineties is an example of a
practice that began at the end of
19th century and exploded at the beginning of
20th century
as weak states resort to the
violence against ethnic populations
through their own armies or
through paramilitaries with whom
they have a close relationship but
INDIRECT
said paramilitary units offer
on behalf of these states
a political violence with the objective
to change the situation on the
land
this collusion with nationalist aims
between a state and paramilitary groups
goes back to the Balkan wars
bush the partition of the territories
originated atrocities established by a
peace treaty in 1913 the new
Balkan borders announced
future conflicts an Albania was created
independent but their borders were
confused and questioned the cradle of
Albanian rebellion Kosovo was attributed to
Serbia already a highly victorious
symbolic that erased the humiliation
that supposed for the Serbs the battle
of Kosovo Pollie the battle of the field of
the blackbirds that the Ottomans won in
1389 the symbol of his domination of
the Balkans in 1989 on the occasion of the
sixth centenary slobodan milósevic
President of Serbia announced the rebirth
of Serbian nationalism
Music
it was an immense empire that of a
Turkish dynasty from the
confines of Asia Minor
fighters of Islam the empire
Ottoman
Music
it was an immense empire that of a
Turkish dynasty from the
confines of asia minor fighters
Music
it was an immense empire that of a
Turkish dynasty from the
confines of Asia Minor
Islam fighters the ind
Music
it was an immense empire that of a
Turkish dynasty from the
confines of Asia Minor
fighters of Islam the empire
Ottoman in 1453 subjected the empire
Byzantine whose constantinople capital
it was renamed istanbul in the 17th century
at its peak
the Ottomans besieged their empire well
It stretched over three continents of the
black sea to the red sea imposing its law
in an incomparable mosaic of towns and
beliefs
however in a century the
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