Now I know some of you have eyes that just glaze
over when scientists start talking
big words and believe me I've been to
presentations where I sit there and I
think, gosh it feels like the goal of
what you're doing right now is just to
make me feel stupid. That's not what
I'm about. I'm going to explain how
telomeres and telomerase work in such
plain English that I probably will get
really nasty comments from scientists
telling me that I've oversimplified it.
But that's okay, I'll deal with them. For
you, I just want to make this really
simple. If you remember back to about
high school science, you've got a cell and
it starts replicating itself inside
until you've got two lots of everything
and then that cell divides. Well what
they didn't tell you in high school is
that you've also got on the end of your
DNA in there a tail, a long tail. When
you're born it's really long, and as you
can imagine what I'm going to say now is,
as you get older it gets shorter and
shorter and shorter. So every time that
cell divides, you lose a little piece
of that tail. And basically it's kind of a,
and that tail is called your telomere.
And the telomere is sort of taking that
hit because when you duplicate
something and then make one thing into
two things you can't still have a
hundred percent of what you had. So
instead of not having a hundred percent
of your actual DNA because it would be
disastrous, the tail, the telomere takes
the hit, takes one for the team and just
get a little shorter. So every time a
cell divides, the tail gets shorter.
Now these telomeres used to just be
called a tail, that was all they thought
it did.
Oh you got a long tail, you got a short
tail, whatever. Then scientists realized
that actually the tail is the clock of
aging. And we know, have mentioned before about
the Hayflick Limit or if you haven't
heard of the Hayflick Limit, that's the
number of times that your cells can
divide before they can't divide anymore.
And the Hayflick Limit is basically
the count of that tail. And once it
gets to, so you start off with 15,000 base
pairs, when it gets to five thousand base
pairs that cell can't divide any longer
and they ax it, that cell dies, out of there,
gone. So basically your telomere is on a
path to dying, sorry. It's dying from
the second that you're born. But
there is something, a gene inside that
DNA called telomerase. So please don't
let me confuse you, the tail is the
telomere and the gene is called
telomerase. So what telomerase does is
when your cells divide and the
telomere shortens, telomerase can
switch on and express an enzyme also
called telomerase which makes that tail
longer again. So you get a tug of war
so you're not just going, you get to
go shorter, longer, shorter, longer. And if
you can express enough telomerase you can go
longer than you actually were, that's
where we get age reversal. Now why is this
just not happening anyway you might ask,
and there are creatures and microbes and
beings on this earth that do express
telomerase and show absolutely no sign
of aging. We're talking about planarian worms,
we're talking about clam shells, there
are some whales, tortoises, they show no
signs of aging, just as an aside they
actually have the lowest incidences of
cancer of any species that there is
because the longer your telomeres are
the less likely you are to develop
cancer. But that's a total aside. You have
telomerase switched on in some of your
genes. In your reproductive cells,
telomerase are switched on. Now the reason for
that is if I'm going to take an
egg and take a sperm and put them
together, that's two cells. And before
that little bubble is born we have to
make two cells into three trillion cells.
Now remember what I said
cell division equals aging. So yeah a lot
of aging goes on in the womb. So we're
going to go from two cells to three
trillion. If your reproductive cells did
not express telomerase and therefore
reverse that aging, so push pull, push pull,
you'd give birth to something older than
yourself which is a bit of a mind warp
really. So your reproductive cells is
called your germline and
most animals with telomerase, this is how
they protect themselves with that germline,
otherwise humans would have lasted like
two generations then we would have all,
we would have been out of here. So it's
switched on in your reproductive cells.
It's switched off in every other cell. But
it's just sitting there, dormant, and it
turns out there's actually a receptor
blocking it. Now the reason that it's
blocked is up for debate.
The one that I think has the most
kind of votes behind it is for like
evolutionary reasons. So for a race or a
species to continue, you've got to get
out with the old in with the new and you
know way back when, when we were still
evolving we needed that you know we
needed to breed and die, breed and die,
and allow the human race to evolve from
cavemen to you know, the...
neanderthals, to what we are today.
But we're a kind of race now that likes
to defy evolution and we're using
technology to do that.
So we're like, hey, did you know what, we've got
that gene in our cells, and for a lot of
us we feel like it's almost a mistake
that it got switched off, and all we need
to do is switch it on. So the molecules
that we work with they switch on your
telomerase gene by simply putting
something in there that attracts that
blocked to open up. So we're opening the
door slightly. So your cell divides, your
telomere gets shorter and we open that
door slightly and your telomerase gene
expresses that enzyme telomerase and
your tail gets longer again. So
essentially you're defying age. Now I
hope that was kind of an
easy-to-understand. You could repeat it
again explanation of telomeres and
telomerase and how they work.
For more infomation >> MY JOURNEY - HOW I GOT IN THE BEST SHAPE OF MY LIFE - Duration: 12:59. 
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