One day in 1995, a man robbed two Pittsburgh banks in broad daylight.
He didn't wear a mask or any sort of disguise.
And he smiled at surveillance cameras before walking out of each bank.
Of course the police found the robber and later than night arrested him.Interestingly
enough, when the robber was handcuffed, he was puzzled and he mumbled "but I wore the
juice".Apparently, this bank robber thought that smearing lemon juice on his face, would
render him invisible to bank's security cameras.
And he didn't just think that, he was pretty confident about it.His rationale was that
since the chemical properties of lemon juice are used in invisible ink, it should render
him invisible to the bank security cameras.This is obviously a completely dumb way of thinking.But
what's interesting is that, even after the police showed him the footage of his robbery,
he was genuinely surprised that it didn't work and he thought the footage was fake.The
police concluded that this man was not crazy or on drugs, just incredibly misinformed and
mistaken.The funny robbery led two social psychologists, Dunning and Kruger, to study
this phenomenon more deeply.
Specifically what interested them the most, was the confidence exerted by this robber,
that made him believe he'd be able to obstruct the security cameras with just lemon juice.To
investigate this in the lab, they examined a group of undergraduate students in several
categories: their grammatical writing, logical reasoning and a sense of humor.
After knowing the test scores, they asked each student to estimate his or her overall
score, as well as their relative rank compared to other students.This is when Dunning and
Kruger found something fascinating.They found that the students who scored the lowest in
these cognitive tasks, always overestimated how well they did.
And not just by a little, but by a lot.
They thought they had scored above average, while their score was one the lowest.So not
only were those students incompetent or less skilled in those areas, but they obviously
didn't even know just how bad they were at them.Students who scored the highest, had
more accurate perceptions of their abilities, but they made a different mistake.
Paradoxically the highest scoring students underestimated their performance.
They knew they were better than average at the test, but because it was easy for them,
they assumed it was easy for everyone.
They didn't know that their ability was at the top percentile.Today this phenomenon is
known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect.Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills
needed to recognize their own incompetence or lack of knowledge.
Their poor self-awareness leads them to overestimate their own capabilities.You can clearly see
what I mean in this graph here.Having barely any skill or knowledge, leads to massive confidence.
However when you become more knowledgeable about a certain topic, that confidence falls.
Only when you start to reach above average skill, is when the your confidence about a
certain topic starts to pick up again.Contrary to popular belief, this is not just limited
to cognitive tasks.
It doesn't seem to matter what specific skill we pick, the less a person knows about any
given activity, the more likely they are to overestimate their skill or knowledge.The
Dunning-Kruger effect can be observed during talent shows like American Idol.
The auditions are usually filled with a variety of good and bad singers.
The ones who are bad at it, almost never realize how bad they really are.
That's why they're genuinely disappointed when they get rejected.The truth it, we're
not very good at evaluating ourselves accurately.
In fact, the majority of people believe, that they are better than average.
88% of people think that they're better drivers than the majority, and even elderly people
rank themselves among the best drivers.A more interesting example is that; 94% of professors
assume that they are better in comparison to their colleagues.We judge ourselves as
better than others, to a degree that violates the laws of math.
But why?
Why does being less skilled make you more confident in your abilities?I'm going to help
you visualize how this happens.
This is Mike.
He's an amateur photographer.
And this box represents how much he knows about photography.And this is how big he thinks
the field is and how much there is to know about it.
With this reasoning, he's easily at the top percentile of all photographers.
But let's say he meets a professional photographer, someone who has been doing it for 7 years,
but he still has a lot to learn.
This photographer knows this much about photography.
But he also knows that the field is much larger, and there's this much to know about it.Because
this photographer is more knowledgeable about the subject he knows that this gray area exists.
However, Mike does not.Now you can see why Mike is so confident in his ability.
He has no idea, just how much he doesn't know.
Because he only has a little knowledge of the field, he doesn't know that it's way more
extensive than that.
And because he doesn't know, what he doesn't know, he thinks he knows 90% about photography.Meanwhile,
experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are.
But they often make a different mistake: they assume that everyone else is knowledgeable
as well, mostly because others exert so much confidence.In this instance, the photographer
is aware he only knows about 70%.
But if he met someone like Mike, he would underestimate himself.90% is better than 70%
after all.We are all susceptible to the Dunning-Kruger effect.
But how can we prevent ourselves from falling prey to it?
Well the answer is, you should strive to educate yourself as much as possible.
You're not expected to know everything after all.Thinking you're always right is a clear
sign of foolishness.It seems that the more knowledge people have, the more they realize
how little they know in reality.
In other words, the more people know about a certain issue, the more they realize how
complicated, unexplored and extensive it is, and how many things they do not understand
or know yet.
It's a beautiful paradox in which the more we study something, the less we know about it.
On the other hand, people who dabble on the surface of anything they pursue, will never
know how much they still have to learn.
In the Dunning-Kruger experiment, unskilled or incompetent students improved their ability
to correctly estimate the test results after receiving minimal tutoring on the skills they lacked.
It's helpful to have someone who is ahead of you show you what you have yet to learn.So
next time you feel confident that you know a lot about something, take a closer look
at the topic as it could be that you are a victim of the Dunning-Kruger effect.
You just might not know what you don't know.
Thanks for watching.
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