Chełm [xɛu̯m] (German: Kulm, Ukrainian: Холм, meaning a hill,
Lithuanian: Chelmas) is a city in eastern Poland with 63,949 inhabitants (2015).
It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość
and south of Biała Podlaska, some 25 kilometres (16 miles)
from the border with Ukraine.
Chełm used to be the capital of the Chełm Voivodeship
until it became part of the Lublin Voivodeship in 1999.
The city is of mostly industrial character, though it also houses
numerous notable historical monuments and tourist attractions.
Chełm's etymology stems from the Slavic word "cholm" –
a hill, relating to the Wysoka Górka gord.
The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Chełm date back to at the least
9th century. The following century, a Slavic fortified town was created and initially
served as a centre of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear,
though most scholars derive it from the Slavic noun denoting a flat hill.
The town's centre is located on a hill called góra chełmska.
However, it is also theorized that the name is derived from some Celtic root.
In 981 the town, then inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of Buzhans,
was made a part of Kievan Rus', along with the surrounding Cherven Towns.
According to a local legend, Vladimir the Great built the first stone castle there in 1001.
Following the Polish capture of Kiev in 1018, the region became part of Poland
until returning to Kievan rule in 1031.
In 1235, Danylo Romanovych of Halych granted the town a city charter
and moved the capital of his domain in 1241–1272 after destruction
of Halych by Mongols in 1240–1241. Danylo also built a new castle atop the hill in 1237,
one of the few Ruthenian castles that withstood Mongol attacks,
and established an Orthodox eparchy centered at the Basilica of the Birth
of the Virgin Mary. Until the 14th century, the town developed as part
of that state and then as part of the short-lived Princedom of Chełm and Belz
(see Duchy of Belz). In 1366, king Casimir III the Great annexed the region
to Poland during the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. On 4 January 1392,
the town was relocated and Magdeburg Law was granted with vast internal autonomy.
A Latin Catholic diocese of Chełm was created in 1359,
but was moved to Krasnystaw after 1480.No longer a residential bishopric,
Chełm is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
The Orthodox bishopric entered communion with the see of Rome
in the late 16th century, but in 1867 it became part of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The town was the capital of a historical region of the Land of Chełm,
administratively a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship with the capital in Lviv (Lwów).
The city prospered in the 15th and 16th centuries.
It was then that The Golem of Chełm by Rabbi Elijah Ba'al
Shem of Chelm became famous, but the city declined in the 17th century
due to the wars which ravaged Poland. In the 18th century, the situation in eastern Poland
stabilized and the town started to slowly recover from the damages suffered
during The Deluge and the Khmelnytsky's uprising.
It attracted a number of new settlers from all parts of Poland,
including people of Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish faiths.
In 1794, the Chełm Voivodeship was established.
Chełm was one of the first towns to join the Kościuszko's Uprising
later that year. In the Battle of Chełm of 8 June 1794,
the forces of Gen. Józef Zajączek were defeated by the Russians
under Gen. Wilhelm Derfelden, Valerian Zubov and Boris Lacy,
the town was yet again sacked by the assaulting armies.
The following year, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland,
the town was annexed by the Austrian Empire.
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